2012年3月1日 星期四

2/28 網購買DDRIII 2GB (NT399)



DRAM 中文叫"動態隨機存取記憶體"!
動態的意思是指~
它在寫入資料後要每隔一段固定的時間就要刷新記憶!
否則記憶體內的資料會消失!
當然刷新是由電腦自行做的~使用者一搬而言不會接觸到這問題!

現在是以DDR SDAM簡稱DDR
意思是指加倍傳輸的同步隨機存取記憶體!
DDR-II則是DDR的加倍!
DDR-III亦是DDR-II的加倍!

RAM 是指關電之後資料會消失的記憶體.
SRAM 和 DRAM 的差別在於 DRAM 的結構是一個電晶體(Transistor)再加上一個電容(Capacitor), 也就是 1T1C 的結構, 而電容所存的電荷會隨時間而流失, 所以 DRAM 需要再加個控制 IC, 三不五時幫 DRAM 充電一下, 這叫 refresh 動作.
而 SRAM 多半是採用 6T 的結構, 沒有電容, 也就不需要 refresh. 也就是說, 只要是需要 refresh 的記憶體, 就是 DRAM. (像 ROM、NAND、NOR 這種關機後資料也不會消失的記憶體, 也是不需要 refresh 的)
DRAM 早期是要比CPU快很多的, 但是CPU進度的速度很快, 可是 DRAM 的速度卻漸漸趕不上CPU到了 486 的時代, 為了彌補 DRAM 速度的不足, 開始使用 SRAM 當 cache. 所謂 cache, 就是緩衝器, 原理是說, 要讀寫資料時, 下一筆資料往往和上一筆在差不多的位置, 或者是剛才才寫入的資料.
由於 DRAM 太慢了, 而 SRAM 快個好幾倍, 所以要讀 DRAM 的資料時, 先讀多一點到 SRAM, 但是只把 CPU 要的送給 CPU. 如果 CPU 再要資料, 而且這個資料已經包含在 SRAM 剛才多讀的資料中時, 就直接從 SRAM 餵資料給 CPU, 不再跑到 DRAM 去讀了. 在寫資料時也是一樣, 先寫到 SRAM 之中, 等有空時再存到 DRAM 裏, 否則 DRAM 實在太慢了. (註: 硬碟比 DRAM 更慢, 所以硬碟是用 DRAM 當 cache)
因為 SRAM 貴, 所以有人就把一部分的 cache 功能整合到 DRAM 模組裏, 後來就有了 EDO DRAM 及 SDRAM. 到了 SDRAM 時代, DRAM 速度終於可以和 CPU 約略同步(Sync)了.
SDRAM 分為 SDR 及 DDR. 電腦裏的零組件, 有的快, 有的慢, 所以有的東西要資料時, 餵資料的還沒準備好; 有的東西要送資料時, 收資料的還沒準備好, 這就會發生誤接或漏接的情形.
於是電腦必須要有時脈(clock), 也就是會送出一個個的脈衝波. 大家在脈衝波到之前, 餵資料的先把資料準備好, 收資料的也先把自己淨空, 脈衝波上揚時, 大家一齊完成收發動作. SDR(Single Data Rate) 就是這樣.
到了 DDR(Double Data Rate) 時, 在脈衝上揚和下降時, 各作一次動作, 所以速度等於是兩倍. DDR 又分 DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, 主要是時脈不同, 電壓也不同, 但是他們都是 DRAM.

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